Diploma of nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Certificate of nursing - Essay Example It targets improving the physical and mental damages by the recognizable proof and treatment of the unsafe manifestations and reactions. Nursing doesn't just focus on the prosperity and constitution of people however rather, focuses on family care, shared wellbeing and bigger populaces (ANA, 2009). Nursing as a calling has the ability to have an enormous effect in today’s social insurance framework. It advocates for the assurance of human rights and the making sure about of satisfactory consideration for individuals all things considered and social foundations who reserve the option to get to and achieve great medicinal services administrations as per their necessities. Florence Nightingale once said that nursing is â€Å"the best of the fine arts†. Nursing requires all out dedication to persistent consideration through science and medication, however with the spirit, mind and a mindful and touchy soul. My purpose behind deciding to seek after a confirmation of nursing and needing to join the nursing calling is that it will permit me a chance to have any kind of effect in other peoples’ lives. There is a feeling of extraordinary accomplishment and self-satisfaction in thinking about others to enable them to recoup, improve and achieve great wellbeing and have a superior personal satisfaction. I will likewise get the chance to work nearby an assortment of individuals some of them being my seniors, coaches, and experts in the field, to advance wellbeing and health. Nursing is a difficult calling and offers numerous sorts of nursing to be finished remembering for pediatrics, medical procedure, clinical nursing, the working room, the crisis room, home consideration, and so forth., all of which I am excited and ready to get involvement with once I finish my instructive program. Nursing is an overall perceived, esteemed and requested calling, that offers equivalent business chance to all, around the globe, in each landmass, city or nation any place there is an emergency clinic or a social insurance community. So regardless of whether the market is totally soaked, there are as yet numerous spots where you can discover a

Analyse the concepts of 'culture shock' and 'cultural adjustment' and Essay - 1

Investigate the ideas of 'culture stun' and 'social modification' and fundamentally survey some potential results of th - Essay Example A culture might be thought of a system of shared implications, which are handily taken as reality by those cooperating inside system. This perspective on culture maintains that a network of individuals is probably going to make a general portrayal got from their common encounters and afterward grasp these pre-set classes as foundation or setting against which approaching encounters are deciphered. Individuals attempt to structure the outer world by comparing outside improvements against interior hypothetical examples. After such a match is made, an individual is in a situation to dole out importance to an outside occasion. On the off chance that a match can't be made, an individual may feel perplexed, disappointed or apprehensive. Individuals with various societies will see the world distinctively since they have been painstakingly sharpened to specific collections of improvements. An individual may not intentionally be cognizant to the particular examples of implications expected on the off chance that he/she is connecting with individuals having a similar view, since the truth is underestimated. It is through contact with individuals who see the world in an alternate point of view that one gets mindful of the social examples he/she is grasping. It is from the development and the communication across societies that the part of social stun comes to fruition (Nelson et al, 2011, p 164). Culture stun is the trouble experienced by a sojourner as an aftereffect of losing all the unmistakable signs and image of social collaboration, just as their replacement with by different signals that are peculiar. The transition to another condition is a horrendous life occasion when sojourners need to adapt to significant culture change. The explanation is that contentions related to the divergences in rules, qualities and implications between the two societies will be unavoidable. At the end of the day, an individual might be so new to the host environmental factors that he/s he has no direction with regards to what, when and how to do (Cameron, 2010, p 3). Individuals of specific occupations prone to be influenced by culture stun are, for example, remote understudies and intelligent people, instructors, business administrators (ostracizes), vagrant laborers, Peace Corps volunteers and social specialists. Oberg featured six components of culture stun. One is strain because of the exertion expected to make fundamental mental adjustments. Second is the feeling of misfortune and sentiments of lack with respect to calling, status, companions and assets. The third component of culture stun involves being dismissed or potentially dismissing individuals from new societies. Fourthly is the disarray as far as job, job desires, emotions, self personality and qualities. Fifthly is the tension, shock and even sicken and hatred, in the wake of getting perceptive of social contrasts. The last perspective is the inclination of powerlessness because of the failure to de al with the new condition. When living in another condition, an understudy or sojourner experiences the accompanying phases of social modification (Becker and Bhugra, 2005, p 18). Source: Becker and Bhugra, 2005, 19 Honeymoon This is the underlying stage that a sojourner encounters at the beginning of the contact. The stage is described by interest, happiness, fervor and eagerness. Voyagers experience uplifting mentality as likenesses are considered as solace, while contrasts are seen with intrigue. Emergency/threatening vibe/disturbance This is the way of life stun stage that is

Blog Archive MBA News mbaMission Is on Facebook and Twitter

Blog Archive MBA News mbaMission Is on Facebook and Twitter You already read the mbaMission blog and receive mbaMissions monthly newsletter, right? Well did you know you can also follow us on Twitter and like us on Facebook? On mbaMissions Facebook Page (www.facebook.com/mbaMission), we promote all our events, bring you breaking MBA news, post fun facts about business schools and much more, all right in your News Feed. We have even extended our book contest through the end of 2010, so for every 20 people who “like” the official mbaMission Facebook Page, we will randomly select one person to receive a copy of our book, The Complete Start-to-Finish MBA Admissions Guide (MG Prep Publishing; Trade Paperback; $24.00). So be sure to “like” the mbaMission Facebook Page and share it with all your friends. The more people who like the page, the more chances you have to win! On Twitter (@mbaMission), we give you the most current updates from our blog, retweet important news stories from top business schools, run exclusive contests to win copie s of our Insiders and Admissions Guides and so much more. So whether youre constantly checking Facebook, completely addicted to Twitter or a combination of both, mbaMission is right there with you! Share ThisTweet News

Control Your Stress by Means of Exercising!

Control Your Stress by Means of Exercising! Ask anyone who is exercising regularly to tell you about his/her health state and you will hear they feel much better than you. It is believed that there are chemicals called neurotransmitters, which our brain produces during training. These neurotransmitters can influence our mood and emotions, which means they can make us feel better and help us cope with stress of any sort. It is impossible to provide you with the specific evidences concerning the neurotransmitters theory, but still it is proved that exercising is a great source of stress-relieving benefits. To know more about the positive effect of the exercising process, it is necessary to take a closer look at 4 ways how you can control your stress by means of exercising. First, exercising is a great way to feel less worried. At different clinics doctors prescribe exercising in order to treat nervous tension. As it was noticed, people were less stressed after the exercise session. Secondly, exercising is a great way to relax. Once you have gone through an exercising session, you are provided with 90-120 minutes of relaxation response. Sometimes it is called post-exercise euphoria and some people call it endorphin response. Remember, the endorphins improve your mood and make you feel totally relaxed. Thirdly, exercising is an awesome way to feel better about yourself. Remember the moments when you were exercising. Haven’t you been proud of yourself? The feeling of satisfaction is a great way to get rid of stress. Exercising causes good appetite. People who spend a lot of time exercising eat more nutritious food, which is the right way to handle stress. Don’t forget, if you want to control your stress, you need to allocate some time for exercising. You deserve it!

Analysis Of The Movie The Help - 832 Words

I watched the movie award winning move The Help. This movie takes place in Jackson, Mississippi during the 1960’s. This was a time period of lots of racial discrimination and gender discrimination right in the middle of the civil rights movement. The story line of The Help is about a young women named Skeeter, who aspires to be big New York City writer. She get a job at a local news paper and on the side decided to secretly interview the black maids (The Help) about their different stories, experiences, and thoughts about white people. There are many events that accused in the Civil Rights movement that were portrayed in this movie. There was domestic services, African-American discrimination, women’s rights movement conflicts, John F.†¦show more content†¦Most homes would build a bathroom outside of the house in the garage or outside for the help. Most of the white people made it clear that the help could do certain things and if they over stepped in any way t hey would be regretting it. Although Abilene was scared, she realized through her religious group that the only way things were ever going to change was if people had the courage to stand up and fight. â€Å"The black church functioned as the institutional center of the modern civil rights movement† (Morris). As shown in the movie black churches were a great place for African-Americans to go and feel uplifted and got the courage to fight back. Along with racial discrimination, another aspect of history that this movie touches on is the roles of feminism. In the movie it was quite obvious that white women were supposed to stay home and have babies. They had very little responsibility and were there purely to be trophy wives, go to bridge club and gossip. â€Å"†¦slightly less than 1 percent of white women were employed as domestics†¦while less than 10 percent of white women were so employed† (Morris). Skeeter breaks out of this norm by going to college and get ting a career. All of her college friends kept trying to set her up but all she wanted to do was become a writer and make her mark on the world. She did not want to get married and be homemaker despite whatShow MoreRelatedThe Help Movie Analysis769 Words   |  4 Pages For my film/documentary analysis paper, I chose the movie The Help. This movie was actually originally a book written by Kathryn Stockett, but then in 2011, a screenplay was written and directed by Tate Taylor. I selected this film because it directly relates to some of the topics we talk about in class. Some of them being segregation and discrimination. In society today, segregation and discrimination play a huge role in how minorities are perceived. I wanted to find a film that showed the effectRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1019 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best-selling books and the film ‘The Help’ is very closely relevant to the untold stories of African-American women and their exper ience in service to the white women – part of the narrative of civil rights and segregation in America. The Help is less about the undermined black servants than it is about the white sympathizers, extremely close to missing the point entirely. The civil rights movement was vast and complicated and included African-Americans and white people as heroes, If theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Help is a drama set in Jackson, Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. The film focuses on the development of Eugenia Skeeter Phelan, a young, aspiring Anglo American author trying to find her way in the world of writing. After becoming closer acquainted with Aibileen, an African-American maid employed by her peer Elizabeth Leefolt, Skeeter becomes more aware of the racist attitudes that white Americans in her community have towards ‘black’ Americans. After successfullyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1 550 Words   |  7 Pages Walt Disney Studio’s 2011 film, â€Å"The Help† is an adaption of Kathryn Stockett’s 2009 novel of the same name. The Help is an American drama film, and stars a powerhouse cast, with the leading roles played by Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Jessica Chastain, and Allison Janney. The film was both written and directed by Kathryn Stockett’s friend Tate Taylor, who was given the rights to the film before her book was even published. In 1960’s Jackson, Mississippi during the civil rights movementRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help 1132 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the movie The help, I understand that the African American in the past where being abused from white people and where insulted and treated as animals. They used men as cookers and farmers. And women where used as nannies. Also they splurge the nannies between each other. However, white people doesn’t treat African American in a good way. When they was treated from white people one of the friend of the white people tried to solve this dilemma which is to make justice between white andRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Movie The Help796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Help† Analysis Paper During the 1960’s , americans underwent an era of critical issues in the United States. Throughout this time, the United States was in a stage of racial issues where racism was still openly accepted of society. The struggle by African-Americans to achieve rights equal to those that white people received was also known as the Civil Rights Movement. That included having an opportunity in employment, voting rights, having access to public facilities, education andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help Essay2249 Words   |  9 PagesThe film â€Å"The Help† (2011), is a story based on the daily lives of prominent white women and the relationships with their African-American housemaids in Jackson, Mississippi, during the 1960s Civil Rights movement in America. A well-to-do white woman and central character in this film, Eugenia â€Å"Skeeter† Phelan, aspires to be a journalist and decides to write and publish an exposà © of the stories of the housemaids in Jackson to achieve this goal, however, only two maids, Aibileen Clark and Minny JacksonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Help By Kathryn Stockett1082 Words   |  5 PagesRace is a very controversial topic in Kathryn Stockett s The Help. The story was set during the 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi. The Civil Rights Movement took place during the late 50’s and continued through the late 60’s, thus making race a very prevalent theme throughout the story. Kathryn’s theme of race was very strategic because it made her plot very authentic and genuine. In The Help, race affects the character’s lives in many aspects such as their opportunities, relationships, social factorsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry from their parents because it is forbidden. In the 1996 classical movie, Romeo and JulietRead MoreMovie Marketing Plan1393 Words   |  6 PagesMovie Marketing Plan Ideas and Images Private Limited Executive Summary Situation Analysis Ideas and Images Private Limited was founded in 2010 by students of film making with a vision to develop new trend, and improve film making in Nepal. The main objective is to align innovation and quality in Nepali movie making to help the industry grow and go international. Apabad is their first venture, with which they want to establish themselves as the institution with uncompromising creativity

Corruption Of The Saudi Arabia - 874 Words

Corruption in Saudi Arabia Referring to The Economic Times report â€Å"corruption in a civilized society is a disease like cancer, which if not detected on time, is surely to spread its malignancy among the polity of the country, leading to disastrous consequences† (Economic Times). Corruption or what I like to call it how to destroy a community is the easier and faster way to kill a nation. Unfortunately, corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, and an abundance of corrupt people takes advantage of their positions to achieve personal goals. Perhaps the most important of these reasons are earning money and having more power because of weak government regulators. This however, has a negative result on various aspects of social life, economic, and politically in Saudi Arabia. There are several reasons behind the emergence of the phenomenon of corruption and outbreaks in communities. There are nearly unanimity on the fact that this phenomenon is negative behavior. One of the re asons for people to turn towards to corruption is to make more finance, and others to engage in corruption, dreaming of more strength. However, the main reason that allowed people to engage in corruption and enjoy it is the weakness of government censorship. Corruption leads to the demoralizing aspects of frustration and apathy. Also it will raise the negative spread between the members of the community. Corruption also results into a lack of professionalism and the loss of the value ofShow MoreRelatedCorruption Of The Saudi Arabia906 Words   |  4 PagesCorruption in Saudi Arabia According to The Economic Times reports â€Å"corruption in a civilized society is a disease like cancer, which if not detected on time, is surely to spread its malignancy among the polity of the country, leading to disastrous consequences† (Economic Times). Corruption or what it should be called how to destroy a community is the easier and faster way to kill a nation.  Unfortunately, corruption is widespread in Saudi Arabia, and  an abundance of corrupt people take advantageRead MoreSaudi Arabia And The Arab Arabia1279 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf and Red Sea, is a country by the name of Saudi Arabia, the Middle East’s largest country. Saudi Arabia is officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Given the title â€Å"the birthplace of Islam†, makes Saudi Arabia highly respected in the Middle East and in many other Muslim countries and communities. Composed of over twenty-seven million citizens, Saudi Arabia ranks as the 13th largest coun try in the world. Business in Saudi Arabia is different than business in the United States inRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most centralized countries in the Middle East. Known for its abundant oil supply, desert land, and strict adherence to Islam, Saudi Arabia is a culture that is very different from those of Western nations. Analyzing the national and business culture can prepare a Westerner for working in Saudi Arabia and help them avoid intercultural conflict. In 1932, King Abd-al-Aziz established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Though he passed away in 1953, the monarchy continuedRead MoreThe Yemen Civil War : The 2015 Yemen Civil War794 Words   |  4 Pageslack of access to regular utilities. The years after 2004 were marked by protests and attacks carried out by Houthi rebels in which civilians and Yemeni forces were killed. Tensions came to a head in 2009 when the Yemeni army, with the help of the Saudi military, launched an offensive against the insurgents. In 2011, new protests inspired by the Arab Spring launched the country into a revolution which included Houthi and civilian demonstrators. President Saleh was forced to resign and Vice PresidentRead MoreSleeping With The Devil by Robert Baer Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagescritique from Baer, who was Central Intelligence Officer (CIA). It describes the relationship that the Americans had with Saudia Arabia. Baer was concerned about how much the relationship between the two was very hypocritical to the American values and that it put the US economy in jeopardy. When it comes to the book’s main theme and points it includes; that America’s corruption on cheap oil and political stability in the Middle East was also a lucrative business relationship, America is vulnerable toRead MoreEconomic Growth And Saudi Arabia1733 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Growth in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has an economy that is largely dependent on oil, with the government maintaining the biggest control over the country s significant economic activities. Saudi Arabia owns about 16% of the global oil reserves and is the number one exporter of oil (Saudi Arabia, 2013). In addition, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was instrumental in the formation of the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) group, which initially comprised Iraq, VenezuelaRead MoreEssay on Saudi Arabia617 Words   |  3 PagesSaudi Arabia Geography The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula, is located in the southwestern corner of Asia. It covers an area about one-fourth the size of the United States. More than half of its total area is desert terrain. The capital of Saudi is Riyadh, which is located in the central region of the country. Language Saudi Arabias official language is Arabic, although English is also spoken in the Kingdom, most commonly in the businessRead MoreYemen Civil War Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment are revealing a hopeful future which is attracting Yemen’s wealthy and young population. However, Marib’s wealth in oil and gas reserves would be worthless without the support and protection of Saudi Arabia and Al-Aradh’s tribal politics. In cooperation with Marib’s political leaders, Saudi Arabia has established a military base in their fight against Yemen’s rebels, the Houthis. Although Al-Aradh insists that â€Å"he had worked to increase the rule of law†, violence and fraud are still prominentRead MoreSaudi Arabi A Forbidden Corruption And Destruction Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesIn December of 2015, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia announced that it had formed a coalition of 34 primarily Muslim countries to coordinate a fight against terrorist organizati ons (Saud Arabia forms†¦, 2015; What the Saudis can do†¦, 2015). The alliance was announced by Mohammed bin Salman, the Kingdom’s defense minister and deputy crown prince. The coalition was described as including countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Nigeria but questions directed toRead MorePoverty : A Economic Disparity Between The Rich And Poor1361 Words   |  6 Pageswhen there is great economic disparity between the rich and the poor. Adam Smith reflects on the income gap in his quote: â€Å"No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.† Due to Saudi Arabia’s vast oil wealth, there is a large amount of the population who live well and fruitful, but more than 20 percent of the population lives in crippling poverty (Baker, 2013). Poverty is usually defined in either absolute or relative terms. Absolute

Planning Of Risk Mitigation Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Planning Of Risk Mitigation. Answer: Introduction Risk mitigation planning refers to the method of establishing or developing choices and prevention tasks in order to increase the chances of profit in an investment and minimize the chances of risks involved in that particular investment. The planning of risk mitigation generally refers to the process of taking actions against minimizing the chances of risks, investigating and finding out the new risks that might have developed in the recent past and tracking down and monitoring the already existing risks in the organization. An organization undertaking risks has to undertake risk mitigation planning as well. A successful risk mitigation planning essentially involves a number of procedures or methods to be followed. They are Risk Identification, Risk Impact Assessment, Risk Prioritization Policy and Implementation of Risk Mitigation Planning and continuous monitoring and evaluation of the entire implemented process. Risk Identification The identification of risk involved in a particular project is first and foremost the most important aspect of risk mitigation planning. The planning of risk mitigation is based majorly upon the risk identification phenomenon. This is because if the risks including the ones that have generated now or will generate in the recent past are not identified properly then the planning regarding the risk involved will not be proper as a result of which the mitigation process will not be a success. The most difficult task to be completed in this process is regarding the identification of the major risks that if missed will lead to delay in obtaining the returns from a particular investment project or may lead to reduced returns from the project. It may also hamper the health of the project thus leading to reduced returns. This can be avoided by the process of putting the risks into different categories such as project risks, business risks, infrastructure risks and corporate risks. Further classification can also be done in the category of economy, political, human or environmental risks. A successful risk identification process involves open communication and free interaction between the different members of tllowed to he organization so that the different risks involved are identified accurately. The procedure of risk identification can only be effective when all the members of the particular organization are participating and putting forward their valuable inputs about risk identification. Risk identification process should be carried out within regular intervals of time. There are two possible approaches towards risk identification. Firstly the approach should be such that the possible risks should be chalked out at first and then possible strategies should be undertaken in order to mitigate those risks. The second approach might be such that the particular investment project is allowed to run on its own and the goals to be achieved by the project are listed down. Now the risks are identified in the path of achieving the targets and then the risks are mitigated as the case may be. Risk Impact Assessment The risk impact assessment is a salient feature of every risk mitigation plan. A project that involves risk always implies two probabilities which are that either the risk assumed will be averted or the project will result in loss as the risk assumed will become real. Therefore the role of assessing the impact of a particular risk becomes very important. The risk involved in a certain project might be assessed in such a way so as to identify the level of risk involved as high, low or medium. As the work becomes more and more complex the extent of risk involved also increases. While assessing the impact of a certain identified risk the probability or frequency as to how many times it may occur in a single financial year has to be identified. Secondly the consequence of the risk has to be anticipated beforehand in order to plan the mitigation in advance. A well known solution for calculating the level of risk is probability of the occurrence of risk multiplied by the consequence of that particular risk. The risk involved in the project can be categorized as high, low, medium and very high. The level of risk is directly proportional to the measures taken to control it. Once the risks assessment is done, the risks should be prioritized on the basis of their immediate impact. For an instance a particular risk identified and assessed if requires immediate catering to then it should be kept on the top priority of the list and should be monitored immediately[1]. Risk Prioritization Policy The risk prioritization policy is such that the management has to give a thorough thought as to how to prioritize the risks and exactly upon what basis will the risks be catered to so as to plan the framework for mitigation. Now each and every project undertaken by a company has a certain unknown zone where the probability of an event to occur can never be judged. This area of uncertainty is present in each and every project and higher the uncertainty, higher is the power of a certain project to hamper or jeopardize the process of mitigating risks. Thus it is the prime duty of the risk assessment manager to assess the extent of uncertainty involved in each and every project and accordingly determine exactly which risk will affect the process of mitigation more. Moreover the manager should analyze and integrate the each impact or uncertainty of a risk which will help him to think in a more dynamic way. This makes the risk prioritization process much easy to conduct and much more accur ate in nature. Essentially when the risk assessment manager realizes that the level of risk involved in a certain project has reached the maximum potential and is likely to impact the mitigation greatly then the risk is adhered to by the management of the company with immediate effect. Implementation of Risk Mitigation Planning The implementation of risk mitigation is done essentially to help the management to make sure the exact nature of planning and other requirements of business that would be needed in the future. Risk mitigation is also done in order to develop a cycle of coordination between the management and the other stakeholders. The mitigation planning is done following certain principles which are that the planning should be clear, concise, to the point, effective and with clarity. This is because the mitigation plan does not only affect the members of the organization but also the indirect third party stakeholders and other units that are related to the course of business in one or the other way. Therefore the mitigation plan should be such that all these members get a clear picture of the mitigation and work accordingly. The risk mitigation plan should essentially constitute of the methods that are desired to be implemented by the management with immediate effect. For an instance a particular risk that falls under the category of environmental risk might be mitigated with proper planning like the infrastructure of the company should be developed in such a way so as to remove or minimize the wastes that are to be emitted thus reducing the risk of environmental degradation by a certain company. Further the particular material that is posing to be much risky for undertaking the project might also be substituted with any other product that does not have such hazardous effect on the environment. A risk mitigation plan is the last step in the process of a risk control method. This is because it is the most important step in all of the procedure. Mitigation is implemented by the management with enough feedback from all the members of the organization. A proper and accurate mitigation plan though does not assure complete removal of risk but does ensure minimization of risk and help the management to obtain the projected returns from business without the fear of assuming risk [2]. Conclusion Thus the planning of risk mitigation involves a number of steps which if done correctly will result in the proper barricading of risks. An accurate risk mitigation plan not only helps the particular organization to defer risks but also contribute in increasing the revenues of the firm as well. References Knechel WR, Salterio SE. Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis; 2016 Oct 4. Asenova D, Bailey SJ, McCAnn C. Public sector risk managers and spending cuts: mitigating risks. Journal of Risk Research. 2015 May 28;18(5):552-65.

Follow The Reaper(2001) by Children Of Bodom free essay sample

Children of Bodom has so far gotten two album reviews prior to this all of which go backwards in years. Now we review what is arguably their best album yet. Now Finland is known for having people that show a love folk music and Norse Gods like Odin, Thor, and Tyr. But CoB has none of that, instead we have Death metal`s answer to power metal. Right from the first track, you know your in for a ride. With the inclusion of singles like Hate Me and Bodom After Midnight, you can also have some of the most brutal singles in the band`s history. Now Im not sure about you but for me it almost feels like a concept album of sorts which is supposed to represent their power metal side that is also relevant in various parts of the album. If you love covers then you must check out the song Dont Stop At The Top originally from. We will write a custom essay sample on Follow The Reaper(2001) by Children Of Bodom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scorpions, might it say, it isnt bad at all. While I honestly dont see it as good as Hate Crew Deathroll, it will stand on its own for years to come, thus I shall give it an 8.5/10. This has been the Grim Reaper, signing off.

The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essays

The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essays The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essay The Three Different Types of Hatred and Discrimination Essay Shakespeare gives us the example of that in his book of Romeo and Juliet. In this book, there are two families who hate each other due to past conflicts. The Montague and the Caplet family. In this book, the son of the Montague falls in love with the daughter of the Capsules. A love so deep that they get married In privacy. Because them getting married biblically, would cause their parents to greatly punish them. One night, Juliet tells Romeo Deny thy father and refuse thy name; or If thou will not, be but sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Caplet. (Shakespeare 34-36. Her father wants her to get married to a man who she does not want to marry. The day of her marriage, she fakes her death. Romeo believing she is dead kills himself out of grief of losing her. All this hardship because the parents hate each others names and cannot bear their kids being together. This is Just one example of misjudging one by the name. In this case judging one by his name has resulted in death. Osama is another example. This name is stereotyped because Osama Bin Laden the most wanted man in the world carries it. It does not signify a lion jumping on its prey. And et that is how It Is seen In todays society around the world. And so if a boy or a man were to carry this name, he would have much difficulty In getting a Job. Just for carrying that name. Therefore Judging one by his name affects everyone In one way or another. In Harper Lees book To Kill a Mockingbird, the author puts in evidence the amount of racism that was present in the southern Alabama state of America; back in the sass. In this book, the most part of the white community of Macomb mistreats the black community by firstly by calling them Negroes and secondly by accusing one of them falsely. In this case, the accused is Tom Robinson. A black man accused of violently abusing and raping a white woman. Although his lawyer Tactics Finch defends him with strong evidence, the jury goes against him by Judging him guilty. The white society did not stand up for him, but Just let It pass. They forgot all about this case within two days. After his death due to a failed escape from Enfield Prison Farm, a member of the white community Judges him as Typical of a Niger to cut and run. Typical of Ruggeris mentality to have no plan, no thought for the future. Just run blind the first chance he saw. (Lee page 24) Lee just shows us one example of racism. Still today In southern part AT ten USA tanner are groups AT ten ASK won are still advocating white supremacy. This causes many deaths of non-white people. The Arab race is another example. Arabs are now stereotyped as terrorist ever since the 911 incident. If one person of any race is wrong, it does not mean that all the people of that race are wrong as well. One should not be Judged by his race but by his character. Racism causes many problems to individuals that are part of a stereotyped race or people that are simply discriminated due to their skin color. Therefore racism must take a stop. Often, people with physical disabilities or differences are misjudged or underestimated by those who have none. Either if they have an extra toes, half a finger or are shorter than average. That can cause not getting hired at a Job. Gender can also be a problem. For instance if a girl would want to work in construction, she would be made fun of and greatly under estimated because she might not have the physical strength for the work or the roughness of a man. In todays society in North America, gender has become a minor problem. Men get to work in fashion and girl tortes, Just as women can work at a garage or as police officers. However physical disabilities are still discriminated. In John Handsaws book The Chrysalis, he talks about a girl named Sophie who is believed to be a blasphemy or deviation of some kind because she has six toes. The inspector in the story warns David (the main character) not to be friends with Sophie because she is made by the devil. She has no soul. David is forced to report her to the authorities so they can send her to Finchs land. Muff know, David concealment of a Blasphemy not reporting a human aviation is a very very serious thing. People go to prison for it. It is everybodys duty to report any kind of offence to me even they arent sure so that I can decide. Its always important, and very important indeed is it is a Blasphemy. And in this case there doesnt seem to be any doubt about it unless young Ervin was mistaken. Now he says she has six toes. Is that true? (Yamaha page 51) Those who are physically disabled could be very qualified for something. For instance many people who see a physically disabled person would most likely Judge him as mentally ill. And that is a problem in our society. Employers could miss the chance of having a top quality employee such as a sales manager Just because he is in a wheelchair. The fact of discriminating on physically disabled people can cause us to lose chances of meeting very valuable people. They should not be underestimated and should be considered. Therefore ignoring them can affect many people. The various aspects of misjudging, discriminating or underestimating one by his name, race or physical ability can truly affect everyone in various ways. One must learn to accept others the way they are. And if one would Judges someone else, he should Judge him by his character and not by his appearance. This goes for the same with the famous expression Dont Judge a book by its cover. Shakespeare, Harper Lee and Yamaha have each covered one of these aspects and put it in a scenario. The examples are set and so are the lessons. Now all one can do is read and learn. Bibliography I en occasionally. London: a Penguin KICK, BIBB, pup SSH William. Romeo and Juliet. Toronto: Harcourt Shakespeare series, 1999, IPPP LEE, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books Edition, 1982, IPPP

Identy theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identy theft - Essay Example A high percentage of credit card companies send out checks for the purpose of paying off other cards, or to use like cash. The checks often arrive with your statements, and are sometimes sent separately. As the consumer, you do not know when they are sent. Unfortunately, some of the credit card companies do not know when they send them. The criminals can get their hands on your checks in many ways. They can be stolen right out of your mailbox. They can be misappropriated by a postal employee. They can be shanghaied with other mail from a mail truck. There are probably a hundred other methods, but you get the picture, it is easy for the criminal to get his or her grubby hands on your financial documents. The most successful approach is a proactive one. The most effective solution is to ensure the checks are not sent at all, and to this end I recommend you cancel your credit cards. If you have no credit cards, you will receive no credit card checks. At a minimum, call all of your credit card companies and ask them to stop sending the checks, they will be happy to oblige. Another approach is to have them sent only upon your request. This way you can still have the use of the checks, and you can track roughly when, and how many, are sent. You might ignore this advice, as I would have at an... The check clearing companies do not care about consumers, they do not even use the driver's license information that most proprietors verify when a check is written! If you are unlucky enough to have this happen to you, you will undoubtedly be shocked, as I was, to hear the police tell you that you are not the victim! The victims are the stores that cashed the check, or the check clearing companies, because they will eventually be the ones with actual monetary losses. These steps are just the first of many if you truly want to protect yourself. They will potentially save you; a lot of grief, time spent trying to get agencies to help, a considerable amount of money, frustration, and stress in general. For more information, check out . This site is an excellent entry point for you to educate yourself about the many aspects of identity theft. Protect yourself, be proactive, and tell everyone you know the same. Brochure Front cover: IDENTITY THEFT AN INVISIBLE CRIME Victims of identity theft usually do not even know that they have been targeted until it is to late. Identity theft can take years and a lot of money to clear up, and until it is credit is ruined and lives are destroyed. As with other crimes we cannot completely control if we are victims, but we can be aware how criminals obtain our private information, how to reduce the risk of being a victim and some helpful information on what to do after the crime is committed. Inside How Does Our Private Information Fall Into The Wrong Hands Stealing records from their employer, Bribing an employee who has access to these records, or Hacking into the organization's computers. Rummage through your trash Obtain

3-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3-3 - Essay Example We have been quite guarded about expressing our feelings, as I said earlier, and during the task I learnt that there are a lot of things that I did not know about him and his interest. This activity with him also showed me how he feels towards me actually, something I was very keen on learning. I consider my brother to be one of my closest friends; we share a very close bond, I feel; a bond that has existed ever since I can remember. We have always managed to share our experiences and emotions, although we are on a different plane, both age wise and psychologically. My brother is 6 years older than me and is a college graduate. He is currently employed and is a married man, who takes excellent care of his wife and kids. One big difference between me and him is that he always speaks his mind. It does not matter to him how bad and ugly the truth would sound like, he will always say it the way he sees it to be true. On the other hand, I am not so outspoken. I am quite shy and do not talk much; in fact I am one of those people who do not talk unless it is necessary. I am not an open person by nature; I always tend to keep my emotions inside. I do not permit anyone to try to read me or my emotions or to have me figured out, as they say. I am so closely guarded that I normally do not tell anyone about my emotions, whether they involve that person or anyone else for that matter. I have learned a lot about my brother and how he feels about me after undertaking this assignment. The strangest, or funniest in a way, and surprising thing that I have learned was when he answered a question by saying that he liked it a lot â€Å"when we do some crazy funny stuff to our other siblings.† I thought he would say that he liked the way we share our feelings or the way we trust each other. I did not expect him to say what he said. However, this was a pleasant surprise, it made me realize that my brother is a very fun loving sort of person and he, in a way, does not mind the

Do Prisons Work Essay Example for Free

Do Prisons Work Essay This study will examine the effectiveness of current prison treatment programs in Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia, United States of America in rehabilitating or reforming an individual and coinciding recidivism rates upon a prisoners release. Prison based treatment programs for sex offenders in Western Australia, New South Wales and New Zealand are examined and recidivism rates compared. Treatment programs for offenders with drug and alcohol issues and the various strategies within the criminal justice system such as diversion, education and drug court programs are examined and differences explained. Rehabilitation programs such as education, life skills, employment and cognitive behavioural treatment are explained and research discussed. Conclusions will be drawn outlining programs with the highest level of recidivism both in Western Australia and globally. The â€Å"nothing works† mantra (Martinson) 1974, is seen to be refuted and treatment is seen to be successful when it is matched to the criminogenic needs of the offender (MacKenzie, 2006). Future recommendations are made in regards to the need for correctional staff to assess each offender as an individual with different needs, and to therefore implement programs that will give the offender the best change of reform or rehabilitation (MacKenzie, 2006). There are many treatment and rehabilitation programs currently used in corrections around the world aimed at reducing recidivism (MacKenzie, 2006). A heuristic approach classifies various strategies into incarceration, treatment programs and rehabilitation (McKenzie, 2006). These interventions represent different strategies for controlling crime in the community, and have some theoretical rationale for expecting a reduction in crime, despite being different in the mechanism anticipated to produce the reduction (MacKenzie, 2006). Incarceration deprives the prisoner of opportunities to commit crime, usually through detention in prison or in some states capital punishment (McKenzie, 2006). Rehabilitation is based on the premise that people can change, and if assessment is to contribute to rehabilitation it must be capable of measuring change (MacKenzie, 2006). The Static 99 risk assessment measure is an International Tool that is currently used to assess recidivism levels of sex offenders (Hoy Bright, 2008). Rehabilitation orientated treatment programs include education, cognitive skills and employment (MacKenzie, 2006). Correctional educational programs are seen to have optimistic results in lowering levels of recidivism in prisoners (Stevens Ward, 2007). Kaki Bukit Prison School based in Singapore is seen to be successful in reducing recidivism by aiming to creative a learning environment based on Peter Senge’s book â€Å"The Fifth Discipline† (Senge, 1990). Part of the discipline involves inmates engaging in the â€Å"The Reflective Thinking Process† (Oh, 2007), an education programme which aims to assist prisoners in reflecting on past destructive behaviour and to encourage appropriate restitution. The school is supported by a multidisciplinary team of teachers, prison officers and counsellors who work together to help students in their studies and in their journey of change to become responsible, thinking citizens (Tam, 2007). For inmates who completed their studies at Kubit Bukit Centre and were released in 2000 and 2001, the 2 year recidivism rate was 24% (Oh, 2007). Acacia, Western Australia’s only private run prison, is operated by Serco and aims to bring service to life (Needham, 2009). Storybook Dads is an example of this and aims to rehabilitate prisoners, break the cycle of reoffending and close the gap between a child and his father (Needham, 2009). The program opens up a broad range of educational opportunities ranging from writing their own stories to learning how to use a computer (Needham, 2009). The main objective of the program is to empower fathers and for children to feel loved, which then improves the lives of the prisoner’s children (Needham, 2009). Prisoners are given the opportunity to record their child’s favourite bedtime story on a CD with sound effects, personal message and CD cover (Needham, 2009). Current research indicates that fathers who have been imprisoned tend to withdraw from life outside the prison and subsequently lose contact completely with their children (Needham, 2009). Statistics show that six out of ten children whose father is a current or ex- prisoner become involved in criminal activities and consequently find themselves in similar situations to their father’s in prison (Needham, 2009). The Storybook Dad’s program runs in eighty prisons in the United Kingdom and maintains family connections and reduces reoffending (Needham, 2009). The National Fatherhood Initiative runs a similar programme called the Incarcerated Father’s Program which operates at Branchville Correctional Centre in Indiana (Gosnell, 2006). It is similar to Storybook Dad’s programme in helping prisoners reunite with their children and families (Gosnell, 2006). One study monitored 186 men for three years after release from prison with only five returning (Gosnell, 2006). Three men returned for small offences whilst two came back on a long term basis indicating low levels of recidivism, when in comparison seventy percent of men released from prison normally return within an average of one to three years (Gosnell, 2006). Prison based treatment programs offered in Western Australia for sex offenders are the Sex Offender Program, Indigenous Sex Offender and Intellectually Disabled Offender (Macgregor, 2008). Community based maintenance programs are offered for each type of offender, the current program for disabled people being the Safe Care Program (Macgregor, 2008). In Australia, most treatment programs for sex offenders are based on cognitive behavioural therapy aimed to target the criminogenic needs or risk factors of offenders (Macgregor, 2008). If these needs are altered the chances of changing the criminal behaviour are higher in the range of 10-30% (Blud, 1999). The programs are seen to be effective in that they work to alter many of the cognitive deficits displayed by offenders (Blud, 1999). They target the known risk factors for sexual reoffending which are cognitive distortions, empathy deficits and wide ranging self regulation (Hoy Bright, 2008). A Western Australia study in 2002 measured recidivism rates of 2165 sex offenders referred to the treatment unit from 1987 to 1999 (Greenberg, 2002). The study compared treated offenders with non-treated offenders, with no significant findings on effects of treatment on sexual recidivism (Greenberg, 2002). Systematic differences between the non-treated and treated group in the Western Australian study, such as indigenous status, risk category, and length of sentence may have impaired comparisons of groups (Lievore, 2004). Inconsistencies across the data, methodological limits may have limited the study from being able to identify less significant treatment outcomes, and to identify sources (Greenberg, 2002). At present a prison based treatment program designed for adult sex offenders is offered in every Territory and State Australia, despite many having yet to be evaluated (Macgregor, 2008). An evaluation conducted in New South Wales on the Custody Based Intensive Treatment program for high risk offenders (Hoy Bright, 2008) compared recidivism rates of 117 treated offenders with those predicted by the STATIC 99 risk assessment measure, an internationally used tool that assesses the recidivism risk of sex offenders (Hoy Bright, 2008). STATIC 99 risk probabilities are based on a large sample of sex offenders in the United Kingdom and Canada (Hanson Thornton, 2000). The study found that 8. 5% of sex offenders treated at the Custody Based Intensive Treatment programs committed further sexual offences in 3. 5 years, compared with a predicted sexual recidivism of 26% (Hoy Bright, 2008). An evaluation was conducted on the Te Piriti Special Treatment Program for child sex offenders in New Zealand (Nathan, Wilson Hillman, 2003). Te Piriti incorporates cognitive behavioural therapy methods in combination with Tikanga Maori, holistic practices derived from world view and a desire to understand the universe (Nathan, 2008). This study compared recidivism rates of Te Piriti graduates with a control group used in the Kia Marama study (Nathan, 2008). In comparison with the non-treated group’s sexual recidivism rate of 21%, a small 5. 7% of offenders who completed the programme at Te Piriti reoffended sexually (Nathan, 2008). Maori sexual offenders were also found to have a positive response to the program (Nathan, 2008). Only 4. 41% of Maori offenders reoffended sexually after receiving treatment at Te Piriti (Nathan) 2003 compared with 13. 58% of Maori Kia Marama graduates (New Zealand Corrections, 2003). These results are supportive of the argument that programs are more effective in reducing sexual recidivism when the design and implementation are attuned to the cultural background of the offenders (Macgregor, 2008). Currently, there are various strategies within the criminal justice system that respond to offenders with drug and alcohol issues (Makkai Payne, 2003). At one end of the spectrum is the diversion by police of first offenders or low level offenders into education or treatment programs (Makkai Payne, 2003). At the other end, is the diversion of repeat drug dependent offenders facing imprisonment into intensive drug court programs (Makkai Payne, 2003). Drug courts aim to divert both men and women offenders (Freeman, Karski Doak, 2000). The elements of the New South Wales drug court program are treatment; social support and the development of living skills; regular reports to the court; and regular urine testing (Freeman et al. , 2000). During the twelve month program, participants are expected to stabilise their lives by not using drugs to address health issues, and to cease criminal activity (Freeman et al. ,). Ideally, they consolidate their situation and develop life and job skills, and financially reintegrate fully, becoming financially independent (Freeman et al. ,). Analysis of the data indicates a high success rate, with only thirteen percent of the participants having committed an offence on completion of the program, indicating a low level of recidivism (Freeman et al. ,). A promising approach to combating illicit drug use has been implemented at the Metropolitan Women’s Correctional Centre in Victoria (Peachy, 1999). Carniche program includes core courses in drug awareness, drug education and Alcoholics Anonymous, which provides a group therapy environment and a twelve step program based on abstinence and group support (Peachy, 1999). The program runs for three to four months, after which the prisoners are reintegrated into the mainstream prison population (Peachy, 1999). The program involves a maximum of ten prisoners who live in a residential unit separate from the main prison population who participate in intensive drug group and individual counselling (Peachy, 2000). The program has not been evaluated for its effect on offender recidivism and its success may depend on the support available to prisoners upon release (Peachy, 2000). A new program for women offenders, titled Reconnections, completed its pilot phase at Bandyup Women’s prison in September 2009 (Porter, 2009). The program was based on therapeutic interventions to assist women in looking at past trauma and abuse in addressing their offending behaviour (Porter, 2009). Although the program was scheduled to commence in early 2010, funding problems prevented the commencement of the program (Porter, 2009). Despite the program failing to commence prison doors at Bandyup continue to open to volunteers and visitors, a move imprisoned women value (Department of Corrective Services, 2005). The Western Australian Department of Justice allows over 3,000 volunteers who provide support for victims of crime, prisoners and juvenile detainees (Department of Corrective Services, 2005). Western Australia’s drug rehabilitation is seen to be a part of the whole sentencing process both in prison and the community for a prisoner’s release on parole (Cox, 2007). There is a continuum drug users who go through the Perth Drug Court’s treatment programs are less likely to reoffend than those sent to prison (Cox, 2007). Recidivism rates for offenders using the court’s drug treatment programs were 17 percent lower than those for offenders sent to prison (Cox, 2007). The study assessed 250 drug users, dealt with the Drug Court who were charged with offences such as burglary, theft or fraud between 2000 and 2003 (Cox, 2007). In comparison to Western Australia one in every 100 adults is locked up in America and there punitive corrections system do not follow a Western approach, incorporating resources such as Drug Courts to help prevent re-offending (McClatchy, 2008). Kansas has been seen to rethink incarceration policies, with a focus on reserving prison for the worst criminals who pose a real danger to society (McClatchy, 2008). Kansas’ only drug court, in Lyon County, has slashed offender rearrest rates almost by half. (McClatchy, 2008). In California, a study found that in a two-year period, drug courts cost $14 million but saved tax-payers more than $43 million over the costs of sending offenders to prison (McCatchy,2008). Kansas Department of Corrections has had success with a new parole re-entry program, including a pilot project in Wichita that gives parolees more support and helps them to keep on the straight and narrow (McClatchy, 2008). Corrections Secretary Roger Werholtz has seen the new philosophy dramatically cut re-offender rates state-wide and reduced recidivism (McCatchy, 2008). Spectrum Addiction Services offers residential treatment, outpatient, detox and domestic violence service for substance abusers and Correctional Recovery Academies in Massachusetts, Georgia and Rhode Island (Astell, 1995). The treatment strategy supported by Spectrum is based on behaviour and based on self-esteem, participant’s feelings, and self-revelation much as the 12 step program of Alcoholics Anonymous (Astell, 1995). Spectrum views the way to fight recidivism is behavioural, teaching people the skills to stay straight (Astell, 1995). A situational approach to drug abuse may be another avenue to explore when examining the Vietnam War (Astell, 1995). Many American soldiers who were involved with heroin use in South East Asia did not bring the habit home, indicating that some drug abuse is situational (Astell, 1995). In the mid 1970’s a pessimistic assessment of rehabilitation programs by Robert Martinson asserted that â€Å"nothing works† in correctional treatment (Cullen Gendreau, 2000). However recent reassessment using methods of meta-analysis has found that offender treatment programs do reduce problem behaviour (Cullen Gendreau, 2000). Effective programs are those which recognise the importance of individual differences and the measurement of these factors when assessing what programs and interventions would be most suitable for each offender (Harland, 1996). Privatisation of prisons is seen to be a positive solution to improving treatment programs and reducing associated recidivism in developing more of a restorative framework to treatment programs (Corporate Responsibility, 2007). This involves emphasising the importance of good relationships between prisoners and staff, the need to recognise the impact of cultural differences when implementing programmes and matching an officer of suitable culture and temperament to best assist the needs of the prisoner (Corporate Responsibility, 2007). Further study is indicated as being required for WA Sex Offenders with little research being available for this group of offenders when compared to other states in WA (Cullen Gendreau, 2000). Systematic differences between the non-treated and treated group in the Western Australian study, such as indigenous status, risk category, and length of sentence may have impaired comparisons of groups (Lievore, 2004). Inconsistencies across the data, methodological limits may have also limited the study from being able to identify less significant treatment outcomes, and to identify sources (Greenberg , 2002). A recommendation for improved research design is suggested in the implementation of a similar tool as the Static 99 in Australia which is currently only available internationally in measuring sexual recidivism (Mackenzie, 2006). Another finding from reviews of the studies is the large difference of amount of research completed for drug-offenders in comparison with other offenders, such as women prisoners and sex offenders which is currently limited (MacKenzie, 2006). Given the current concern about the increasing amount of drug offenders entering the correction system it is apparent as to why there is uch a large number of evaluations of programs being completed for these offenders (MacKenzie, 2006). Although the role for corrections appears to be a current challenge, it is hoped that with further research, funding , availability of treatment programmes and education of prison officers in addressing individual and cultural differences, that the offender be given the greatest chance for rehabilitation, reform and consequently a life of freedom outside the prison bars (MacKenzie, 2006).

Reincarnation :: essays research papers

Reincarnation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A weird idea of much interest is that of reincarnation. What is reincarnation? Some say it's the fact that a person's soul lives without a body and throughout the years possesses different bodies. Is this true or is reincarnation the result of a mentally unstable person's vivid imagination or even the result of cryptomnesia, when a person takes something they have heard or seen, forgets about ever hearing or seeing it and then remembers the event(s) as happening in another life. These three hypothesizes each seem plausible in there own right. With the help of the SEARCH method it will be shown which hypothesis fits best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypothesis 1: When a person dies the soul undergoes a process called reincarnation, in which the soul lives another life in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The evidence I have to back up this particular claim is that of a story I read in People magazine awhile back. In this story a woman, who goes by the name of Jenny Cockell, claims to have experienced reincarnation. She claims she was once a woman, who went by the name of Marry Sutton, who died 21 years before Jenny's own birth. Jenny believes this because of dreams she has had since the age of three. These dreams were unlike ordinary dreams in how vivid and real they seemed. In the dreams Jenny saw herself in another time and place. She saw herself as a young mother living in a small cottage somewhere in Ireland. In one dream particularly Jenny saw herself with a terrible fever on her own deathbed, terrified of what was to become of her children. One day Jenny decided to find out what had become of these children. So Jenny went to Ireland and while looking at a map of Ireland she sensed that Mary had lived in the small town of Malahide. Then she checked local church records for any mothers of eight named Mary that had gone there. Since from her dreams Jenny recalled there being eight children and the only name she could remember from the dreams was Mary. Sure enough Jenny found a Mary Sutton had lived and died in Malahide. Mary's children had been scattered among family members and orphanages. Then through much search and hard work to find these children Jenny eventually found all of Mary's children. Before Jenny met with any of the children she and the children both agreed to allow a BBC researcher to test Jenny's memories of Mary and Mary's children The tests resulted in a 98 percent agreement. Jenny knew what pictures were on the walls of the Sutton home, other objects in the house,

Review on Related Literature (RRL) Essay

Recent data on college age drinking from NIH, specifically the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)–its first update since an initial review in 1976– has brought to light the significant consequences of binge drinking among college students. While the incidence of regular drinking has remained stable, the incidence of binge drinking has sharply increased. With it, the many adverse effects of overconsumption of alcohol can be life shattering not only among individuals and friends, but families. This report serves as a reminder of the serious effects of alcohol that may begin in youth and extend into young adulthood. This report importantly draws attention to the many serious consequences of binge drinking including blackouts, alcohol overdoses, motor vehicle accidents, poor academic performance, falls resulting in serious injuries, as well as the many lasting effects of sexual assaults (unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases), and even death. For example, numerous studies reveal that as binge drinking increases, a college student’s risk of experiencing adverse effects of alcohol use significantly increases. As an example, a recent study from Harvard revealed that students who binge one or two times during a 2-week period are nearly three times as likely as non–binge drinkers to experience a blackout, have unprotected or unplanned sex, destroy property, suffer an injury, do poorly in school, have a run-in with the police or drive after consuming alcohol. The bottom line is that the report provided a much needed update about the drinking behavior of college students as well as the negative consequences which are the end result. Contrary to popular beliefs, drinking levels have actually remained relatively unchanged at the same level on college campuses during the past 30 years or so. Two out of five male and female students take part in binge drinking. Binge drinking is defined as having more than 5 or more drinks in one sitting for men and four for women. What is clear from the report is that estimates of the rates of alcohol use and accompanying consequences are far from ideal. Missing data related to drink sizes along with the effects of alcohol on memory highlight the problematic collection of precise data from traditional self-report surveys. In addition, sexual assaults are often underreported leading to a  lack of accuracy in estimating the true scope of the problem. Further, mortality records may often leave out college specific information and because alcohol levels are not checked as commonly in non–traffic-related deaths leaves gaps of knowledge regarding the true number of college students who die from alcohol-related causes on an annual basis. Adding to this, college specific information is generally not contained in most hospital records or crime scene reports. There are two active national data surveys which evaluate drinking behavior of college students in the US. Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a yearly nationwide survey of alcohol and other drug use with examining 50,000 students in 8th, l0th, and 12th grades pooled from 420 public and private schools. Roughly 2,400 graduating seniors undergo repeat surveys in following years, to examine evolution of trends in aspects of college drinking. The second tool is the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a yearly survey underwritten by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). It involves on one on one interview with over 67,000 children and teens above the age of 12 examining alcohol and other patterns of drug use. According to a meta-analysis by Carey and colleagues in 2012, campus initiatives to reduce as well as prevent binge drinking have had a significant impact based on research data. Additional data from MTF suggests that levels of binge drinking are declining among 12th graders, especially males. As researchers employ more effective measurement tools coupled with improvements in prevention, a reduction in high school drinking will hopefully translate into a downward trend of alcohol use among college students and the negative consequences which can be the end result. According to this article, Binge drinking gives an enormous impact on students especially on college levels. Various effects can be showcased based upon the statement of the article. As enumerated, alcohol brings instances that lead to things that are capable of misconduct and crime such as unwanted pregnancy, drink and drive, fist fight and even more that includes death for the most part. Binge drinking in particular is a continuous drinking of more than 4 shots or glass as well as consecutive days of drinking sessions. Thus, not an essential health habit specially in males. As it is, this kind of routine mainly by men has sharply increased leading to a critical awareness of the government. These recent studies showed that there is an abrupt increase on the levels of drinking practices in young teens and this may bring forth when they reach adulthood. Upon reaching adult stage with drinking habits intact, another set of higher crimes in particular can be formed out of it. Thus, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism are active and very supportive in making various actions towards the case of binge drinking on college students. Drinking must be avoided because college is one step towards living the real life. Thus, they must be aware of what alcohol can bring them and lead them towards. Yet when they’re in college, they are already capable of proper thinking and mature enough in making wise decisions in life. To prevent and be responsible enough towards binge drinking is essential and beneficial so that one can save money and health as well. At the University at Albany in 2000, Chad Waxman fit the profile of a college student primed for risky drinking: A freshman male fraternity brother who drank in high school, Waxman chose Albany in part for its balance between work and play. â€Å"I wanted that time to let loose,† he says. Despite the predictors, Waxman sailed through college in health and happiness, even serving in stu dent government and winning multiple leadership awards at the university before graduating in 2003. He went on to earn his master’s degree in counseling psychology and school counseling from Albany in 2005 and is now a PsyD candidate at Nova Southeastern University. How did Waxman, now 33, avoid the pitfalls of drinking common among college students? That’s a question psychologists are probing deeply. After all, each year, more than 1,825 college students die from alcohol-related accidents and nearly 600,000 are injured while drunk, according to a 2009 study in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Another 696,000 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking, and 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape, the study found. Then there’s the 25 percent of college students who report academic consequences related to alcohol — a hangover can quickly derail plans for class or study — and the 11 percent who admit damaging property after a night of drinking (Journal of American College Health, 2002). An estimated 5 percent get into legal trouble as a result of alcohol, the same study found. In all, of the 80 percent of college students who drink alcohol, half â€Å"binge drink,† or consume about four drinks in two hours for women and five in two  hours for men, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). â€Å"College drinking is sometimes still viewed as a harmless rite of passage, when in fact [college students] are drinking more than any other age or demographic group,† says psychologist James Murphy, PhD, of the University of Memphis, who studies addictive and health risk behaviors, including among college students. That’s particularly dangerous given that research shows this age group is much more impulsive even when alcohol’s not involved, he says. There’s also evidence suggesting that excessive alcohol use in young adulthood may impair brain development, including in cognition and memory, according to th e NIAAA. But college also presents an opportune time to equip students with the skills to approach alcohol intelligently, says Murphy. With 63 percent of young Americans ages 25 to 29 having completed at least some college, according to a report from the Pew Research Center, the setting is â€Å"a last prevention point for our society to address the risks associated with drinking,† he says. (Most research on college drinking so far involves mainly full-time students in four-year colleges and universities.) For Waxman, the time was ripe. As a peer facilitator in Albany’s Counseling Center, he helped motivate other students — and in effect, himself — to shift their drinking behaviors using one of many emerging interventions designed and tested by psychologists. The approaches address why a student drinks and are tailored for specific populations of students, such as athletes and freshmen. Some interventions are targeted to align with specific events, such as 21st birthday celebrations, as a way to reroute dangerous decisions made on a night that notoriously gets out of control. â€Å"Through learning the realities of alcohol, I realized you don’t have to drink like it’s a competition to have fun,† Waxman says. Most important, these interventions are evidence-based, says Mary Larimer, PhD, director of the University of Washington’s Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors and associate director of the Addictive Behaviors Research Center. â€Å"We know a lot more about what influences excessive alcohol use in this population and we can tailor the interventions to address those risk factors as well,† Larimer says. â€Å"That’s contributed to our ability to make a difference.† Prevention efforts One way psychologists are fine-tuning their efforts is by pinpointing who is most at risk for problems related to drinking. So far, research indicates that those most at risk are incoming freshmen, student athletes and those involved in the Greek system. Studies also show that men tend to drink more on average than women — but women progress faster over time from alcohol use to abuse, says Larimer. In fact, one study led by psychologist Bettina Hoeppner, PhD, of Harvard Medical School’s Center for Addiction Medicine, found that college women exceed the NIAAA’s weekly limits more often than men (Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013). â€Å"The gender gaps have closed a lot,† Larimer says. Personality factors, such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, also contribute to risky drinking. Psychological research suggests that how different people respond to alcohol can help predict whose behavior will become problematic. Those who need a lot to experience its effects or who experience more of alcohol’s stimulating rather than sedative effects, for example, are at higher risk. Students who overestimate how much their peers drink, as well as those who expect great things from alcohol (â€Å"I will feel outgoing and meet my future boyfriend!†), are more likely to overindulge and experience alcohol’s negative consequences, such as engaging in unsafe sex, adds Larimer. Another factor appears to distinguish between students who drink a lot yet remain relatively safe and those who drink the same amount or less yet suffer the consequences: subjective intoxication. In other words, a student’s likelihood to get into trouble during or after drinking has as much to do with how drunk he or she feels as it does with how much he or she actually drinks, according to an NIAAA-funded study conducted by Kim Fromme, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin’s SAHARA Lab (Studies on Alcohol, Health and Risky Activities) and colleagues. And those different perceptions could have biological roots, Fromme says. â€Å"We’re predicting specific genetic influences on those differences in people’s subjective levels of intoxication,† she says. Why a student drinks can also reveal a lot about how problematic his or her alcohol use may become, according to Clayton Neighbors, PhD, who directs the University of Houston’s Social Influences and Health Behaviors Lab. While some students drink for social and environmental reasons, such as being at a party, others drink for  emotional reasons, such as coping with a bad grade or a breakup. It’s the latter group — who may be turning to alcohol to handle another mental health problem such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression or anxiety — whose members are primed for long-term alcohol abuse, researchers say. Up until the late 1990s, most colleges and universities approached risky drinking from a one-size-fits-all perspective. Campus-wide awareness campaigns and educational sessions during freshman orientation were popular but ineffective, the NIAAA Task Force on College Drinking found in 2002. That changed in 1999 when the late psychologist Alan Marlatt, PhD, of the University of Washington, and his team introduced Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students, or BASICS. The intervention is used in varying forms by colleges nationwide when students come in for primary care or mental health services or are referred for an alcohol-related offense. BASICS gives students personalized feedback on their drinking behaviors, including comparing how much they drink with how much the average student on their campus drinks. The intervention also uses motivational interviewing by asking students open-ended, non-judgmental questions to explore drinking behaviors and generate motivati on to change. Finally, it offers individualized strategies — such as putting ice in drinks or assigning a designated driver — to help students drink in less risky ways. The method, which has been shown to reduce how much students drink as well as to reduce related negative consequences up to four years out, meets NIAAA’s highest standards for evidence-based college drinking interventions (American Journal of Public Health, 2001). But BASICS doesn’t work for every student. Those with high levels of social anxiety, for example, aren’t easily influenced to change by the notion that they’re overestimating how much their peers really drink. This can make them less receptive to the â€Å"norms correction† component of BASICS, a 2012 study in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors finds. About one-third of students who receive the intervention don’t change their drinking habits. Another drawback to the intervention is staffing: The traditional method requires one or two 50-minute sessions with a trained facilitator, who is often a mental health professional. That’s why many psychologists are experimenting with va riations of BASICS, such as by offering it in a Web-based format or presented by trained peers, rather than by mental health professionals. Researchers are also looking at ways to shorten the intervention: A 2013 study in Addictive Behaviors by Larimer and colleagues found that a 10-minute version of BASICS was just as effective as a 50-minute one. Larimer says shortening the intervention by picking and choosing from among its individual components — namely, the part that corrects students’ misperceptions of campus norms and the one that offers strategies for safer drinking — might be enough to elicit short-term effects and to work for students at lower risk. â€Å"The more comprehensive interventions, then, may have longer-lasting effects,† she suspects, but she says more research is needed to tease apart which variations work for whom. There’s also evidence that students can deliver the interventions just as effectively as mental health professionals. In one study, Larimer and colleagues delivered a BASICS-like intervention to 12 fraternities, varying who gave them feedback — e ither a peer interviewer or a professional research staffer. They found that both groups significantly reduced their alcohol intake when compared with controls (Journal of Alcohol Studies, 2001). Another study led by Fromme that looked at peers and professional providers who headed an alcohol prevention â€Å"lifestyle management course† for college students found similar outcomes (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2004). But the research comes with caveats, says University at Albany psychologist Maria Dolores Cimini, PhD, who explored peer facilitators’ effectiveness through a five-year study funded by an NIAAA Rapid Response to College Drinking Problems grant and got mixed results. â€Å"Students can deliver these interventions, but they must be well-trained and very closely supervised,† she says (Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2009). Waxman, who became trained as a peer facilitator at Albany’s Counseling Center during his sophomore year, said his efforts paid off among the peers he intervened with. â€Å"Having someone you can relate to †¦ saying, ‘This is the reality,’ really changes behavior,† he says. At the University at Albany Counseling Center, an intervention called the STEPS Comprehensive Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Program takes BASICS and tailors it for specific populations of high-risk drinkers, including first-year students, student athletes and students seeking primary health and mental health care on campus. A student athlete, for example,  learns how alcohol affects hydration and athletic performance — even days after taking the last sip. The key is speaking the students’ language, says Cimini, who directs the program. â€Å"If we can’t engage students and get them in for the intervention in the first place, we lose a golden opportunity to mobilize the change process at a time when students are most resilient and receptive to interventions.† In surveys conducted three and six months post-intervention, STEPS has been shown to significantly reduce alcohol use and risky behavior among each subgroup. Colleges, universities, community-based mental health service providers and higher-education-focused consortia across at least five states, including Washington, Pennsylvania and Mississippi have been trained in the method, and it has been accepted for inclusion in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, Cimini says. That means it’s been peer-reviewed and is ready to be disseminated. At the University of Memphis, Murphy’s team is further personalizing BASICS by adding a one-hour supplement during which clinicians talk to students about their goals for college and beyond and then show them how their drinking patterns fit in with those aspirations. A student who wants to be a lawyer, for instance, might be given information about a pre-law club as well as the GPA typically needed to get into law school and to earn his desired future salary. The clinician then shows the student a plot based on his responses to an assessment revealing the number of hours per week he typically spends drinking compared with studying or participating in other academic activities. With the graph on hand, the two might then consider potential schedule changes such as dedicating one night a week to law club and another to homework to be more consistent with the student’s long-term goals. â€Å"Students often [don’t] think about their behavior in these sorts of aggregates, and when they’re forced to do so,† they’re motivated to change, Murphy says. The approach is based on behavioral economics, or the idea that behavior is influenced by availability and cost. In college, where beer is typically cheap and abundant, the framework helps to explain why drinking often gets out of control. But by highlighting appealing alternatives to partying, the approach suggests students will be more likely to steer clear of alco hol’s short-lived rewards. â€Å"All of that unstructured time, and a lack of awareness  of the future benefits of engaging in college or the community, is a lot of what is fueling this binge drinking problem,† he says. The approach appears to be working: In a preliminary study, Murphy’s team found that the intervention significantly reduced alcohol problems and heavy drinking among participants. With a new grant from the NIAAA, they’re now looking to replicate those findings and track the intervention’s long-term effects, on both drinking and college outcomes. â€Å"Given that the goals of the intervention are so consistent with the goals of universities, once we can show long-term effects, I’m optimistic that colleges will like it,† he says. Another emerging way to intervene with college drinking targets certain events, rather than people. Twenty-first birthdays are notoriously dangerous: In a 2011 study of 150 students in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors by Fromme and colleagues, participants reported drinking an average of 10.85 drinks on their 21st birthday. Many also experienced blackouts, had unsafe sex and engaged in other risky behaviors. To keep students safe on that milestone birthday, psychologists are looking at ways to time interventions so that students are reminded to use protective strategies if they plan to celebrate with alcohol. In one study by Neighbors and colleagues, for example, students received one of five BASICS-oriented interventions one week before their 21st birthdays (the interventions varied, with some being Web-based or in person, and some from each group involving a friend).Compared with a control group that received no intervention, the in-person interventions and some of the Web-based ones reduced negative consequences students had on their birthdays. The BASICS interventions that didn’t explicitly talk about the risks of 21st birthdays, but rather the risks of drinking in general, reduced both alcohol use and risky behavior, the study found (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2012). While the event-specific approach is promising, it’s a short-term fix for a larger problem, Neighbors says. â€Å"The bigger picture question is: How do we change the culture of drinking on college campuses? It will take more time.† According to the study, drinking gave numerous valid percentages based upon statistical data conducted. The data gave inkling on what instances can be extracted for further results. Such as, college drinking can be  incontrollable if not prevented or diverted by another hobby since college level can have more time binge drinking compared to adult level persons. Making worse results relating to numeral crimes. Although drinking may be a bad thing, but it can also be beneficial in a reason that college is the specific stage on which students can act and drink responsibly yet some may not be able to resist against it. As stated by Mary Larimer PhD, there are a lot of reasonable statements on why and what triggers alcoholism on college students. This stance of Mary Larimer gave a more mature understanding on the study of college drinking towards a student’s academic performance. Alcohol is a potent beverage that can stimulate one’s emotions. According to recent study, males are more prominent in the field of alcoholism than women yet the opposite sex are more abusive than males. In terms of medical and scientific studies, alcohol impulses the brain to do things that are beyond limits and enhances the mind in a worse perception such as malevolent actions and false decisions due to unconsciousness of the environment. In some other points and limits, alcohol can deteriorate brain functions and in a much worse effect such as intoxication due to dizziness and continual vomiting. The NIAAA and other government organizations that is active in alcoholism awareness are continually making programs for the benefit of those students especially on college on how to control and prevent binge drinking that may lead up to intoxication and other poor decisions to be made. Through mature viewpoints and decisions, one can prevent alcoholism based upon focus and willingness. Importantly, one should consider and keep memories intact of how a lcohol can make your mind, health, and wealth be depleted in an instant. Worst thing is, unnoticed. The extent to which alcohol consumption impacts on both the quantity and quality of human capital accumulation is an important question given that it has long run implications for earnings. Following the human capital model developed by Becker (1964), an individual will invest in acquiring additional levels of human capital based on the expected return in future earnings. This decision takes into account both the costs of schooling and the rate at which future beneï ¬ ts are discounted. At the same time, facing both budget and time constraints, students make decisions about how much alcohol to consume. The consumption of alcohol can be expected to have a negative impact on schooling both directly through its potential impact on cognitive ability  and indirectly through its impact on study habits. A negative correlation between alcohol consumption and schooling also may be observed, however, due to the fact that individuals who face high costs and/or pla ce a lower value on future earnings may invest less in schooling and at the same time these individuals may be more likely to engage in heavy drinking behavior. Hence, controlling for the potential endogeneity between drinking and schooling is of key importance in establishing a causal link between alcohol use and schooling outcomes. Establishing such a causal link will inform policy makers about the impact of alcohol policies on human capital accumulation and the potential to reduce productivity losses associated with increased alcohol consumption. The results from the existing literature that examines the impact of alcohol consumption on educational attainment is mixed. Not surprisingly, studies that do not account for the potential endogeneity between drinking and schooling measures ï ¬ nd that alcohol consumption signiï ¬ cantly reduces schooling levels. In this regard, drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), Yamada, Kendix and Yamada (1996) found that both the number of liquor and wine drinks consumed during the past week and being a frequent drinker signiï ¬ cantly reduced the probability of high school gradu ation. A 10% increase the probability of being a frequent drinker was found to reduce the likelihood of graduation by 6.5%. Also without accounting for endogeneity, Mullahy and Sindelar (1994) used data from the Wave 1 of the New haven site of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment 3Area survey and found that alcoholic symptoms prior to age 22 reduced years of schooling by 5%. Among the studies that control for the possible correlation between the unobservables that aï ¬â‚¬ect both drinking and schooling choice, the results range from signiï ¬ cant to moderate to no eï ¬â‚¬ect at all of youthful drinking on educational attainment. Using two-stage-leastsquares (2SLS) to account for endogeneity, Cook and Moore (1993) draw on the NLSY to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of alcohol consumption (number of drinks per week, frequent drinking, and being frequently drunk) on the years of post-secondary schooling. The authors found that all three drinking measures signiï ¬ cantly reduce years of schooling with frequent drinkers completing 2.3 years less of college. Most recently, Koch and Ribar (2001) use data on samesex siblings from the  1979-90 NLSY to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of the age at which youths ï ¬ rst drank regularly on the number of years of schooling completed by age 25. Using a siblings IV model, the results suggest that the eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking o nset is moderate – delaying drinking for a year leads to 1/4 year of additional schooling. However, drawing on 1977-92 Monitoring the Future data, Dee and Evans (1997) use a two-sample instrumental variables procedure relying on within-state variation in their instruments to examine the eï ¬â‚¬ect of being a drinker, moderate drinker, and heavy drinker on high-school completion and college entrance and attainment. Overall, they ï ¬ nd that controlling for endogeneity, teen drinking does not have a signiï ¬ cant eï ¬â‚¬ect on educational attainment. Similarly, based on NLSY data, Chatterji (1998) ï ¬ nds that her estimation results based on models that account for endogeneity reveal no signiï ¬ cant eï ¬â‚¬ect of teen alcohol consumption on the number of grades completed by age 21. Most of this literature focuses on the educational outcomes related to prior teenage drinking behavior. In this paper, we propose to focus on college-level educational outcomes as a result of current drinking behavior. This is a particularly relevant issue, given that alcohol is a common element in the environments of most college campuses (in 1999, the annual alcohol prevalence rate among college students was 83.6% (Wechsler, Lee, Kuo and Lee, 2000)). Drawing on information available in the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol 4Study (CAS), we provide evidence on the extent to which alcohol consumption impacts on college study habits which in turn are expected to aï ¬â‚¬ect human capital accumulation. Assessing the mechanisms through which alcohol consumption impacts schooling may shed further light on the extent to which policies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption among young adults may aï ¬â‚¬ect the quality and quantity of human capital accumulation. Current evidence exists on the direct eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking on cognitive ability. Based on clinical studies, Nordby (1999) showed that drinking reduces recall which can be expected to have a direct eï ¬â‚¬ect on schooling. However, we are not aware of existing empirical evidence of the eï ¬â‚¬ects of alcohol consumption on indirect eï ¬â‚¬ects such as study habits. We examine the impact of alcohol consumption deï ¬ ned by the average number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion among college students who drink on the probability of skipping a class and getting behind in school. We use a two-stage generalized least squares estimation procedure to account  for potential correlation in the unobservables that determine drinking behavior and study habits. Generating consistent estimates of the eï ¬â‚¬ect of drinking on college study habits requires an exogenous source of variation in college drinking. That is, we require variables that aï ¬â‚¬ect college drinking levels but do not directly aï ¬â‚¬ect study habits. In this regard, we use the price of alcohol, college-level information on access to alcohol, and state-level alcohol policies to identify alcohol consumption. Our results reveal that given the endogeneity of college drinking and study habits, single-stage estimation methods overestimate the true eï ¬â‚¬ect of the quantity of college drinking on the likelihood of missing a class and getting behind in school. To further investigate the study habit behavior of our college sample, we also estimate our model separately by year of class. We ï ¬ nd di ï ¬â‚¬erential eï ¬â‚¬ects of drinking on the study habits of freshman and their upper-year counterparts. Our paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes our model of the relationship between alcohol consumption and study habits. Section 3 describes our data and summary statistics. Our estimation results are presented in section 4 and we conclude in section 5 with a discussion of potential policy implications to improve study habits and reduce productivity losses due to alcohol consumption among college students. Alcohol consumption has occurred for thousands of years. In many parts of the world, drinking alcoholic beverages is a common feature of social gatherings. Underage drinkers are susceptible to the immediate consequences of alcohol use, including blackouts, hangovers, and alcohol poisoning, and are at elevated risk of neuro-degeneration (particularly in regions of the brain responsible for learning and memory), impairments in functional brain activity, and neuro-cognitive defects . In addition to the individual’s personality itself, many variables influence drinking behavior: genetics; gender; ethnicity; college; religiosity; occupation; marital status; friends and family. Young college students are especially vulnerable to alcohol and this wide availability favors abusive use. Despite of all risks, they are still not protected by laws against alcohol industry and therefore, it is known that they represent the main target population of advertising campaigns, which encourage alcohol use as a way to belong to their group, freedom, and especially, entrance to adulthood, a sense of being free from the family control. Worldwide studies have addressed the  behavior of college students regarding psychoactive substances. Most of them focused on the vulnerability of students and the need to encourage intervention and preventive measures about alcohol consumption. College students consume more alcohol than their age-matched, nonstudent peers. How does problem drinking affect young people’s schooling? In some cases the linkage between problem drinking and study habits is profound. Drinking can affect the biological development of young people as well as their school-related achievement and behavior. Serious alcohol use among youth has significant neurological consequences. Alcohol damages areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory, verbal skills and visual-spatial cognition. Diagnosticians often find that these skills in adolescents who drink are deficient in comparison to those who aren’t drinking. Scientists know that alcohol problems are tied to lower grades, poor attendance and increases in dropout rates. The 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA – now known as the National Survey on Drug Use and Health), a federal study, found that as rates of alcohol use by 12- to 17-year-olds increase, grade point averages decrease. Middle school students whose peers avoid using alcohol and other drugs score higher on state reading and math tests than other students. In any given age group, heavy and binge drinkers are 4-6 times more likely than nondrinkers to say they cut classes or skipped school. They are twice as likely as nondrinkers to say tha t their school work is poor, and they report more frequently that they are disobedient at school. Among high school students, those who use alcohol are five times more likely to drop out than those who don’t use alcohol. These problems are not limited to the middle and high school setting; hangovers and drinking by college students lead to missed classes and falling behind in school work.